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Writing your first Drupal migration
In the previous chapter, we learned that the Migrate API is an implementation of an ETL framework. We also talked about the steps involved in writing and running migrations. Now, let's write our first Drupal migration. We are going to start with a very basic example: creating nodes out of hardcoded data. For this, we assume a Drupal installation using the standard installation profile, which comes with the Basic Page content type. As we progress through the book, the migrations will become more complete and more complex. Ideally, only one concept will be introduced at a time. When that is not possible, we will explain how different parts work together. The focus of this chapter is learning the structure of a migration definition file and how to run it.
Writing the migration definition file
The migration definition file needs to live in a module. So, let's create a custom one named ud_migrations_first and set Drupal core's migrate module as dependencies in the *.info.yml file.
type: module
name: UD First Migration
description: 'Example of basic Drupal migration. Learn more at <a href="https://understanddrupal.com/migrations" title="Drupal Migrations">https://understanddrupal.com/migrations</a>.'
package: Understand Drupal
core: 8.x
dependencies:
- drupal:migrate
Now, let's create a folder called migrations and inside it, a file called udm_first.yml. Note that the extension is yml not yaml. The content of the file will be:
id: udm_first
label: "UD First migration"
source:
plugin: embedded_data
data_rows:
- unique_id: 1
creative_title: "The versatility of Drupal fields"
engaging_content: "Fields are Drupal's atomic data storage mechanism..."
- unique_id: 2
creative_title: "What is a view in Drupal? How do they work?"
engaging_content: "In Drupal, a view is a listing of information. It can a list of nodes, users, comments, taxonomy terms, files, etc..."
ids:
unique_id:
type: integer
process:
title: creative_title
body: engaging_content
destination:
plugin: "entity:node"
default_bundle: page
The final folder structure will look like:
.
|-- core
|-- index.php
|-- modules
| `-- custom
| `-- ud_migrations
| `-- ud_migrations_first
| |-- migrations
| | `-- udm_first.yml
| `-- ud_migrations_first.info.yml
YAML is a key-value format with optional nesting of elements. It is very sensitive to white spaces and indentation. For example, it requires at least one space character after the colon symbol (:) that separates the key from the value. Also, note that each level in the hierarchy is indented by two spaces exactly. A common source of errors when writing migrations is improper spacing or indentation of the YAML files.
A quick glimpse at the file reveals the three major parts: source, process, and destination. Other keys provide extra information about the migration. There are more keys than the ones shown above. For example, it is possible to define dependencies among migrations. Another option is to tag migrations so they can be executed together. We are going to learn more about these options further in the book.
Let's review each key-value pair in the file. For the id key, it is customary to set its value to match the filename containing the migration definition, but without the .yml extension. This key serves as an internal identifier that Drupal and the Migrate API use to execute and keep track of the migration. The id value should be alphanumeric characters, optionally using underscores (_) to separate words. As for the label key, it is a human readable string used to name the migration in various interfaces.
In this example, we are using the embedded_data source plugin. It allows you to define the data to migrate right inside the definition file. To configure it, you define a data_rows key whose value is an array of all the elements you want to migrate. Each element might contain an arbitrary number of key-value pairs representing "columns" of data to be imported.
A common use case for the embedded_data plugin is testing of the Migrate API itself. Another valid one is to create default content when the data is known in advance. I often present Drupal site building workshops. To save time, I use this plugin to create nodes which are later used when explaining how to create Views.
For the destination, we are using the entity:node plugin which allows you to create nodes of any content type. The default_bundle key indicates that all nodes to be created will be of type Basic page, by default. It is important to note that the value of the default_bundle key is the machine name of the content type. You can find it at /admin/structure/types/manage/page. In general, the Migrate API uses machine names for the values. As we explore the system, we will point out when they are used and where to find the right ones.
In the process section, you map columns from the source to node properties and fields. The keys are entity property names or the fields' machine names. In this case, we are setting values for the title of the node and its body field. You can find the field machine names in the content type configuration page: /admin/structure/types/manage/page/fields. During the migration, values can be copied directly from the source or transformed via process plugins. This example makes a verbatim copy of the values from the source to the destination. The column names in the source are not required to match the destination property or field name. In this example, they are purposely different to make them easier to identify.
The repository, which will be used for many examples throughout the book, can be downloaded at https://github.com/dinarcon/ud_migrations Place it into the ./modules/custom directory of the Drupal installation. The example above is part of the "UD First Migration" submodule so make sure to enable it.
Running the migration
Let's use Drush to run the migrations with the commands provided by Migrate Run. Open a terminal, switch directories to Drupal's webroot, and execute the following commands.
$ drush pm:enable -y migrate migrate_run ud_migrations_first
$ drush migrate:status
$ drush migrate:import udm_first
Note: It is assumed that the Migrate Run module has been downloaded via composer or otherwise.
Important: All code snippets showing Drush commands assume version 10 unless otherwise noted. If you are using Drush 8 or lower, the commands' names and aliases are different. Usually, a hyphen (-) was used as delimiter in command names. For example, pm-enable in Drush 8 instead of pm:enable in Drush 10. Execute drush list --filter=migrate to verify the proper commands for your version of Drush.
The first command enables the core migrate module, the runner, and the custom module holding the migration definition file. The second command shows a list of all migrations available in the system. For now, only one should be listed with the migration ID udm_first. The third command executes the migration. If all goes well, you can visit the content overview page at /admin/content and see two basic pages created. Congratulations, you have successfully run your first Drupal migration!!!
Or maybe not? Drupal migrations can fail in many ways. Sometimes the error messages are not very descriptive. In upcoming chapters, we will talk about recommended workflows and strategies for debugging migrations. For now, let's mention a couple of things that could go wrong with this example. If after running the drush migrate:status command, you do not see the udm_first migration, make sure that the ud_migrations_first module is enabled. If it is enabled, and you do not see it, rebuild the cache by running drush cache:rebuild.
If you see the migration, but you get a YAML parse error when running the migrate:import command, check your indentation. Copying and pasting from GitHub to your IDE/editor might change the spacing. An extraneous space can break the whole migration so pay close attention. If the command reports that it created the nodes, but you get a fatal error when trying to view one, it is because the content type was not set properly. Remember that the machine name of the "Basic page" content type is page, not basic_page. This error cannot be fixed from the administration interface. What you have to do is rollback the migration issuing the following command: drush migrate:rollback udm_first, then fix the default_bundle value, rebuild the cache, and import again.
Note: Migrate Tools could be used for running the migration. This module depends on Migrate Plus. For now, let's keep module dependencies to a minimum to focus on core Migrate functionality. Also, skipping them demonstrates that these modules, although quite useful, are not hard requirements to work on migration projects. If you decide to use Migrate Tools, make sure to uninstall Migrate Run. Both provide the same Drush commands and conflict with each other if the two are enabled.